Agriculture and Food Science Research Collection
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Browsing Agriculture and Food Science Research Collection by Type "Book Chapter"
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- PublicationAlgal Polysaccharides. Innovative Extraction Technologies, Health Benefits and Industrial Applications(Taylor & Francis, 2019-07-12)
; ; ; Microalgae are largely exploited due to their rich composition in high-value compounds such as carbohydrates. Algal polysaccharides and oligosaccharides offer enormous potential industrial applications due to their wide range of biological activities. The production and chemical structure of microalgal carbohydrates will vary depending on the species or strains and the culture conditions (i.e. temperature, pH and light). Moreover, microalgae are able to accumulate and/or excrete intra- and extra-cellular carbohydrates. Due to the wide heterogeneity of these compounds, the extraction and purification processes are challenging stages in the downstream processing of microalgal polysaccharides. This chapter focuses on the extraction and purification approaches to obtain carbohydrates from microalgae together with the biological activities and potential industrial applications of these compounds.372Scopus© Citations 4 - PublicationAroma in Fruit and VegetablesQuality of food can be divided into sensory and hidden quality, In the sensory area there is appearance, texture and flavour. Of these characteristics, appearance is the most important at point of purchase. This is followed by texture and then by flavour, i.e. aroma and taste when the food is consumed (Kramer, 1973). While it has been established that taste is “four dimensional”, aroma is much more complex and has many dimensions. The importance of aroma in fruit and vegetables in relation to consumer acceptability is a matter of debate. For example, there is no doubt that with onions aroma is important, as it is with certain apple cultivars and in wine and fruit juices. It can be countered that aroma of many foods is only of major importance to a flavourists who wishes to blend chemical compounds to produce a flavour and is of secondary importance to a consumer who may buy on price, appearance and texture. Kazeniac (1977) has pointed out that an important criterion for the success of a food flavour appears to be recognition and compatability of the flavour of the food with flavours familiars to the consumer. The increased interest in home-grown foods offers evidence of changing habits towards natural food flavours, In the UK there are signs that the domestic purchaser is selecting fruit on sensory properties (Williams and Knee, 1977) especially Cox’s Orange Pippin apples. However, the position with Golden Delicious is different and both Belgian, British and Irish consumers seem to buy on the basis of colour (Monin, 1974; Centre Francais du Commerce Exterieur, 1975; Gormley and Egan, 1977). This paper reviews some of the work on the identification of aroma compounds in fruit and vegetables, gives an account of aroma related studies at Kinsealy Research Centre and touches on other aspects of aroma including off-flavours and aroma in processed foods.
803 - PublicationDeveloping seaweed/macroalgae as feed for pigsMacroalgae are a promising source of nutritional ingredients including proteins, polysaccharides and minerals. The need to increase animal and feed production has increased interest in macroalgae as underutilised resources with promising applications as alternative animal feeds. This chapter summarizes the nutritional attributes of macroalgae in terms of macro and micronutrients as a source of protein and other compounds in pig nutrition. The benefits of macroalgae or macroalgal derived extracts in feed are discussed together with future trends and challenges in the development of effective feed formulations.
242 - PublicationMeasuring evapotranspiration of hardy ornamental nursery stock: a hurdle for irrigation managementAlthough the land area dedicated to the production of hardy ornamental nursery stock (HONS) is relatively small, the sector places considerable demands on water supplies: production is largely in pots with limited water-holding capacity, and therefore frequent irrigation is essential. It has been shown that accurate scheduling to meet crop demand (rather than over- or under-watering) benefits quality of HONS, as well as reducing water use and run-off of nutrients and pesticides. Deficit irrigation techniques, in which plants are irrigated to replace less than 100% of the water they transpire, can further control growth and may have additional advantages, for example in reducing pests and disease. Deficit irrigation, however, requires precise scheduling to minimise the risk of excessive drying of the substrate. Numerous different species and cultivars, often at different stages in the production cycle, can be grown together on a single nursery, meaning that several different irrigation schedules need to operate at once. One option is to irrigate crops on the basis of their evapotranspiration rates. In other sectors, this entails measurement of weather conditions to calculate the evapotranspiration of a reference crop, which is then multiplied by a crop-specific factor (crop coefficient) to estimate the evapotranspiration of the crop in question. Crop coefficients, however, are not generally known for HONS. Efforts to deal with this issue, as well as alternative methods of estimating evapotranspiration using gravimetric methods or remote sensing, are reviewed in this chapter.
704 - PublicationSynthesis and some Reactions of 2-Tosyloxyxchalcone Oxide(Society of Chemical Chemistry, 1962)
; ; ; 130 - PublicationTrace metal exposure in different livestock production systems(Nova Science, 2018-09)
; ; ; ; Industrial and agricultural activities are associated with environmental pollution as these practices contribute to increase further the concentration of minerals derived from the parent rock, present naturally in the soil. Heavy metals (i.e., arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury) and excessive levels of essential metals (such as copper and zinc) have negative effects on the health of both animals and humans. The exposure of animals to toxic elements or excessive levels of essential minerals could influence greatly the mineral content of different animal derived products for human consumption (i.e., meat, offal and milk) and may affect significantly human health. The exposure of livestock to different minerals varies depending on the animal husbandry practices adopted by the farmers, such as the use of mineral supplements in animals’ feed and the foraging practices of the farm (i.e., grazing, type of soil and forage contamination). This chapter focuses on the influence of different farming practices on the exposure of livestock to toxic and trace elements, emphasising the differences between the intensive and organic farming systems. The relationship between different farming practices and the mineral content of animal derived products, together with the implications of these farming practices for the consumers and environment are also discussed.243