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- PublicationThe ascent to establishment status: the Irish Catholic hierarchy of the mid-seventeenth centuryMany factors distinguished Irish from British Catholicism in the course of the seventeenth century. Most importantly, Ireland was unique within the archipelago in the fact that Catholicism was the religion of the great majority of the island's inhabitants. The sheer size of the Catholic population also created both opportunities and administrative difficulties for the church of Rome in Ireland and in the course of the seventeenth century the island acquired a Catholic organisational apparatus which rendered it unique, not merely within the archipelago, but in the entire area defined in Rome as in partibus infidelium, that is those areas of the world not within the jurisdiction of a Catholic state. In Jacobean and Caroline Ireland a shadow church-in-waiting was created, which for a brief period during the 1640s effectively replaced the state church in much of the island. It is the purpose of this chapter to trace the evolution and chief characteristics of this alternative ecclesiastical establishment, concentrating in particular on what emerged as the hierarchical apex of Catholic clerical organisation, the episcopate.
237 - PublicationEarly Modern Catholic Perspectives on the Biblical Text: The Bellarmine and Whitaker DebateThe importance of the Bible to the Reformed traditions within Christianity is of course a truism. But the weight which the bible exercised over European Catholicism is sometimes under-estimated. As Maria Rosa has demonstrated, the influence of scriptural models influenced many different parts of life in Italy, not least in the realm of political theory. Figures such as Benito Montano whose De optimo imperio, sive in lib. Josuae commentarium (1589) was followed in 1592 by De varia republica, sive commentaria in librum Judicum or Francois Regeau who produced Leges politicae ex Sacae Scripturai libris collectae in 1615 or the avvisi of the Accademia dei Virtuosi in and around the pontificate of Gregory XV testified to the massive influence of Scripture within reformed Catholicism in creating a new political theory specifically opposed to Machiavellian conceptions of reason of state. Indeed, the determination with which the Italian vernacular scriptures were pursued in the sixteenth century is itself testimony to the importance which was accorded to the word of the Bible and the authority of the Vulgate. This in some respects reached a crescendo with Felice Peretti, the future Sixtus V, who spent a period of disfavour in revising Ambrosine texts and replacing their biblical quotations with the wording of the Vulgate. In Early Modern Rome it was certainly believed that the Bible must be removed from unsafe hands and there was a strong insistence on the authority of unwritten tradition but nevertheless Scripture remained the centre of gravity of Catholic thought also. Thus the very first book of Robert Bellarmine’s Controversiae, in many respects the paradigmatic text of early modern Catholicism, laid out the Catholic understanding of the primary importance of the Scriptures. At no point was Bellarmine prepared to concede that any form of Protestantism was more securely anchored in Scripture: on the contrary he insisted “nam Scripturam nos pluris facimus, quàm illi[the reformers]”.
220 - PublicationExiles from the Edge? The Irish Contexts of PeregrinatioThis chapter re-examines the contexts which shaped peregrinatio in Ireland: Was there a single idea of peregrinatio? What role did it play in Irish society and social memory? What about the forgotten peregrini of the north Atlantic?
756 - PublicationIrish Home RuleThe campaign for Irish Home Rule lasted from 1870 until 1914. When Home Rule became a realistic possibility in 1912, a period of political turmoil ensued. Parliamentary solutions to the impasse were overtaken by the emergence of rival armed paramilitary groups.
145 - PublicationLe Roi Bombance: The original Futurist Cookbook?The themes of nutrition and digestion fascinated Filippo Tommaso Marinetti for much of his career. The beginnings of this interest can be traced to his pre-Futurist play Le Roi Bombance, published in 1905, in which the eponymous obese king is concerned only with satisfying his enormous appetite. Marinetti’s most famous discussion of gastronomy and gastronomic habits came in 1932 with the publication of La cucina futurista, which was a development of the Manifesto della cucina futurista launched two years previously. Although Le Roi Bombance and La cucina futurista were born out of very different cultural and historical periods, I wish to suggest that a continuum of ideas exists between them, specifically with regard to the relationship between eating and creativity and between eating and identity.
573 - PublicationLeuven as a centre for Irish religious, academic and political thoughtThe Irish Franciscan college of St. Anthony at Louvain was granted a bull of foundation by Pope Paul V on 3 April 1607. This small house in what is now Leuven, Belgium, became one of the most intense centres of Irish engagement with Europe. Its history, both that of the friars who inhabited the college itself and that of the soldiers, diplomats and merchants who supported it, is also the story of Ireland’s decisive step into Europe.
405 - PublicationPlantation 1580-1641Plantation is a key theme, and in the eyes of some historians the key theme, in the history of Early Modern Ireland but what is comprehended under that term is less self-evident than might seem apparent at first glance. Policies of plantation grew out of, and in tandem, with other state-sponsored schemes to pacify and settle the island of Ireland. Contemporaries, for instance, were quite happy to style settlers who had occupied former monastic sites as 'planters' although such centres of immigration were clearly not comprehended in what Sir Francis Blundell referred to in 1622 as the 'six plantations made in Ireland since the memory of man'. Moreover, as they evolved, plantation settlements were inevitably influenced by colonial spread as settlers tended to abandon less desirable plantation sites to move to more attractive estates and prime locations. The geographical and ideological coherence which distinguished the planning of first the Munster and then pre-eminently the Ulster plantation thus rapidly dissolved under the pressure of economic reality. When viewed in this light, it might be suggested that rather than representing a discrete theme in the history of Early Modern Ireland, plantation might perhaps be better seen as a vital component in the wider topic of British settlement in the island during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
1572 - PublicationPope Gregory and the British: mission as a canonical problemThe Gregorian mission to Kent continues to be regarded as the crowning event in the history of the conversion of Anglo-Saxon England and as a spur for the subsequent formation of Anglo-Saxon Christian kingdoms. It also marks an important turning point in the history of Christainity in Europe because i t was the first large-scale recorded mission aimed at non-Christians to have been dispatched from Rome. From a historiographical perspective t he Gregorian mission offers a unique focus owing to the extent to which it wa s documented in both contemporary and near-contemporary sources, from pope Gregory’s letters to Bede’s Ecclesiastical History. Nevertheless, the existing accounts leave much to be desired, especially in regard to the state of the British church on the eve of the arrival of the missionaries.
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585 - PublicationReligious Acculturation and Affiliation in Early Modern Gaelic Scotland, Gaelic Ireland, Wales and CornwallIt has been the goal of the Insular Christianity project, of which this book is the second publication, to investigate the complex patterns of religious change in early modern Britain and Ireland. The focus of the current volume is on the religious culture of the speakers of Celtic languages within the archipelago. Its objective is not to try to isolate some putatively ‘Celtic’ Christianity nor does it imagine that any such essentialist construct existed. Rather late medieval Christianity was deeply rooted in four areas within the archipelago where Celtic vernaculars held sway.
145 - PublicationA Sailor on the Seas of Faith: The Individual and the Church in the Voyage of Mael DúinThis article analyses the voyage tale Immram Maíle Dúin and considers its attitude towards revenge, forgiveness, the Church and secular society.
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