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Vohnsen, Brian
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Vohnsen, Brian
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Vohnsen, Brian
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- PublicationDefocus-corrected analysis of the foveal Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind across the visible spectrumThe Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind describes a gradually diminished visibility of light that enters the eye towards the pupil rim. Although of retinal origin, it is commonly described by a Gaussian pupil apodization whose width is determined by a directionality parameter that depends on retinal eccentricity, wavelength and spatial coherence of the light. As the measurements are done psychophysically they are prone to subjective variations and difficult to obtain across the visible spectrum. In this work, requirements for accurate refractive correction when determining the directionality parameter at any given wavelength are discussed and we show that a current-controlled tunable liquid-polymer lens provides a convenient means to accomplish this without requiring mechanical readjustments. This may be the most convenient way to combat defocus across the visible spectrum in the analysis of the Stiles-Crawford effect as demonstrated through experiments and with a detailed Zemax eye-and-system analysis. The results obtained are discussed in relation to myopia and a reduced directionality for highly myopic eyes. © 2013 IOP Publishing Ltd.
71Scopus© Citations 8 - PublicationUniaxial flicker analysis of the psychophysical Stiles–Crawford effectsPurpose: We report on a semi-automated system for frequency analysis of the Stiles–Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE-I) using flicker methodology designed to gain insight into the temporal dynamics of the perceived visibility for alternating pupil entrance points. We describe the system and its calibration in detail and discuss psychophysical measurement data obtained for the two authors. Methods: A uniaxial system is used for SCE-I characterization of two emmetropic subjects as a function of flicker frequency for narrow wavelength bands chosen in the range of 450–700 nm using a fibre-guided tungsten–halogen lamp as light source. The flicker is realized using two orthogonally mounted galvanometric scanning mirrors that allow linear trajectories at any angle across the pupil. A fast tuneable liquid-crystal neutral density filter is used for brightness adjustment and another liquid-crystal filter is used for wavelength adjustment at each pupil point allowing simultaneous hue-shift determination for the Stiles–Crawford effect of the second kind (SCE-II). Results: Validation of the system is realized with a CCD camera, a spectrometer and a powermeter, and the data obtained are used in the software to calibrate all subsequent human subject measurements. The psychophysical data obtained show a strong frequency dependence of the Gaussian SCE-I with a characteristic directionality parameter, ρ, that is found to increase from 0.03 to 0.06/mm2 with flicker in the range of 1–10 Hz. The simultaneously determined hue shift could not be determined beyond 1 Hz due to the longer time required for a subjective determination. Conclusion: We have reported on a fast uniaxial system for temporal characterization of the SCE-I. The psychophysical results obtained show that accurate specification of frequency in flicker analysis is mandatory when comparing SCE-I visibility and directionality curves obtained with those obtained using quasi-static bipartite fields. A uniaxial design offers unique advantages over that of common two-channel systems by completely eliminating spectral errors or brightness differences in the two branches that otherwise will impose on those of the visual system and degrade the psychophysical data. Future work with more subjects will be used to narrow the uncertainty and the causes of the effects observed.
92Scopus© Citations 4