The longitudinal relationship between youth intergroup contact and social cohesion outcomes in two divided societies

Intergroup contact has long been established as a prejudice-reduction tool in divided societies, with contact being particularly effective during adolescence. A large proportion of evidence, however, draws on cross-sectional surveys or analytical approaches that do not distinguish between- and within-person effects. In the present research, we address this by exploring the potential of intergroup contact longitudinally on social cohesion related outcomes amongst youth (aged 14-19) in Belfast (Study 1, N = 231) and Bradford (Study 2, N = 169). Measures included intergroup contact, outgroup attitudes, intergroup anxiety, outgroup empathy, and outgroup prosocial behaviour across three time-points. Using Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models, results demonstrate between-person associations of contact with our outcomes, but limited within-person changes. Our findings demonstrate the potential and limitations of intergroup contact for social cohesion related outcomes for youth growing up in divided societies, pointing to the need for developmental-focused future research.