Wind power grid integration: The European experience

Europe currently holds the largest installed capacity of wind power plants of all continents. Over decades of development, significant adaptations have been implemented to integrate wind turbines into the electrical power system. Wind power research has been accelerated by the need to maintain grid performance and reliability in the face of the exponential deployment of wind turbines. This paper explains the basic requirements and principles in grid codes, modeling, reserves, forecasting, system planning, and operation, and relates how experience especially in Europe has led to new practices and new research.