A goal-based typology of sociogovernance processes in the management of marine protected areas

The effective and inclusive management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and MPA networks requires the use of context-appropriate sociogovernance tools. These tools enhance interactions among MPA managers and stakeholders (e.g., community, industry, and non-governmental organisations) by intervening in, or giving shape to, various sociogovernance processes. However, a comprehensive characterisation of sociogovernance processes that are relevant to MPA management has not been developed to date. In this paper, we draw on literature from the fields of environmental governance, environmental psychology, and the marine social sciences to propose a goal-based typology of sociogovernance processes in MPA management, which supports the selection of appropriate tools to achieve agreed conservation goals in collaboration with stakeholders. The typology identifies three main pillars that capture key sociogovernance aspects of MPA management: Knowledge & Understanding, Engagement & Participation, and Policies & Interventions. These pillars are linked by top-down and bottom-up-oriented processes. The typology contributes to the literature by offering an iterative understanding of the nature of stakeholder interactions in conservation management, particularly in the context of MPA governance. It can be used to interpret the processes that underpin both simple and complex tools and may help users reframe MPA management challenges by offering a new, relational perspective. The typology is suitable to use in both MPAs and MPA networks. The general principles of the typology may also be applicable in contexts beyond marine conservation with a strong emphasis on stakeholder interactions, such as landscape planning, resource extraction, and renewable energy projects.