Spectroscopy of multiply charged fifth row ions from plasma sources

Atomic spectra in the wavelength region between 0.5 and 9 nm from the 5th row of the periodic table elements, between Z = 38 strontium (Sr) and Z = 50 tin (Sn), are studied using atomic spectroscopy research method with two experimental plasmas, laser produced plasmas (LPPs) and magnetically confined fusion (MCF) plasmas. The 3-4 transitions in open 3d subshell Sr ions between Ni-like and K-like are observed in the spectral measurement on the laser produced plasmas (LPPs) in the wavelength region between 3.0 and 8.5 nm. 3d-4p, 3d-4f resonant transitions in ions of Sr10+ (Ni-like) to Sr19+ (K-like), and 3d4s-4s4p, 3d4s-4s4f satellite transitions in ions of Sr10+ to Sr18+ (Ca-like) are confirmed. The Sr plasmas were produced by three different pulse width Nd:YAG lasers (20 ps, 170 ps and 5.5 ns) operated with the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm. Recorded spectral peaks were classified by comparison with calculated weighted transition probabilities gA values using the Cowan atomic structure code (Cowan code) and the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). See chapter 4. 3-4 transitions in open 3p subshell ions from Sr to Sn between Ar-like and Al-like are observed and calculated, or just only calculated, with spectral identification of LPPs spectra below 3.0 nm. 3p-4s, 3p-4d resonant transitions in ions from Ar-like to Al-like are classified by comparison with calculated gA values from the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). LPPs were produced by two different laser wavelengths (1064 and 532 nm) with 5.5 ns pulses. Spectral peaks from 3s-4p transitions in open 3s subshell ions from Mg-like and Na-like, and 3p-5s, 3p-5d, 3s-5p transitions in open 3s and 3p subshell ions from Ni-like to Na-like are presented from the FAC calculation. See chapter 5. Emission spectra from Sr, yttrium (Y), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh) in the wavelength region between 1.5 and 3.5 nm are measured on the Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF) plasma at the large helical device (LHD) plasma with impurity injection, at the National Institute of Fusion Science (NIFS). Clear peaks due to 3-4 transitions of 3d-4p, 3d-4f in Ru and Rh ions without overlapping with other strong peaks, and 3-5 transitions of 3d-5p, 3d-5f in Sr and Y ions, not observed in the LPPs spectra, were observed from the LHD plasma. Several 3p-4s transition peaks from Y, Ru, Rh, confirmed in the LHD spectra, were also observed in the LPP spectra. In the spectral comparison between LPPs and LHD plasmas, the differences due to opacity effects were the contribution of satellite transitions and the essentially low intensity emission of the 3-5 resonant transitions. See chapter 6. In this PhD study, spectral data of the 3-4, 3-5 resonant and 3-4 satellite transitions from elements between Sr and Sn with ion stages ranging between Ni-like and Na-like are newly reported from experimental and theoretical studies. This new spectral information supplements the widely missing 3-4 transition atomic spectral data, and could be expected to be useful for applications in the soft x-ray spectral region, for light source development, plasma diagnostics, and future astrophysical studies.