Now showing 1 - 10 of 16
  • Publication
    Holographic grating evolution in photopolymer materials
    A generalized non-local polymerization driven diffusion (NPDD) model is presented, including the effects of absorption and inhibition. Experimentally obtained growth curves are fit using a four-harmonic numerical fitting algorithm and key material parameters are extracted.
      362
  • Publication
    Non-local polymerization driven diffusion based model : general dependence of the polymerization rate to the exposure intensity
    The nonlocal diffusion model proposed by Sheridan and coworkers has provided a useful interpretation of the nature of grating formation inside photopolymer materials. This model accounts for some important experimental facts, such as the cut-off of diffraction efficiency for high spatial frequencies. In this article we examine the predictions of the model in the case of a general dependence of the polymerisation rate with respect to the intensity pattern. The effects of this dependence on the different harmonic components of the polymerisation concentration will be investigated. The influence of the visibility on the different harmonic components will also be studied. These effects are compared to the effects of varying RD and σD.
      247Scopus© Citations 20
  • Publication
    Temporal analysis of grating formation in photopolymer using the nonlocal polymerization-driven diffusion model
    The nonlocal polymerization-driven diffusion model (NPDD) has been shown to predict high spatial frequency cut-off in photopolymers and to accurately predict higher order grating components. We propose an extension to the NPDD model to account for the temporal response associated with polymer chain growth. An exponential response function is proposed to describe transient effects during the polymerization process. The extended model is then solved using a finite element technique and the nature of grating evolution examined in the case when illumination is stopped prior to the saturation of the grating recording process. Based on independently determined refractive index measurements we determine the temporal evolution of the refractive index modulation and the resulting diffraction efficiency using rigorous coupled wave theory. Material parameters are then extracted based on fits to experimental data for nonlinear and both ideal and non-ideal kinetic models.
      290Scopus© Citations 99
  • Publication
    Physical and effective optical thickness of holographic diffraction gratings recorded in photopolymers
    In recent years the interest in thick holographic recording materials for storage applications has increased. In particular, photopolymers are interesting materials for obtaining inexpensive thick dry layers with low noise and high diffraction efficiencies. Nonetheless, as will be demonstrated in this work, the attenuation in depth of light during the recording limits dramatically the effective optical thickness of the material. This effect must be taken into account whenever thick diffraction gratings are recorded in photopolymer materials. In this work the differences between optical and physical thickness are analyzed, applying a method based on the Rigorous Coupled Wave Theory and taking into account the attenuation in depth of the refractive index profile. By doing this the maximum optical thickness that can be achieved can be calculated. When the effective thickness is known, then the real storage capacity of the material can be obtained.
      419Scopus© Citations 66
  • Publication
    Recording beam modulation during grating formation
    Holography has been of increasing interest in recent years, with developments in many areas such as data storage and metrology. Photopolymer materials provide potentially good materials for holographic recording, as they are inexpensive and self-processing. Many experiments have been reported in the literature that describe the diffraction efficiency and angular selectivity of such materials. The majority of these reports discuss the performance of the holographic optical element after the recording stage. It has been observed, however, that sometimes, during exposure, the transmitted recording beam intensities vary with time. A simple phenomenological model is proposed to explain the beam modulation, which incorporates the growth of the phase grating, time-varying absorption effects, the mechanical motion of the plate, the growth of a lossy absorption grating during the recording process, and the effects of nonideal beam ratios.
      391Scopus© Citations 17
  • Publication
    Material kinetics during fabrication of holographic gratings in acrylamide-based photopolymer
    We describe holographic grating formation in Acrylamide-based photopolymer material using the NonLocal Diffusion Driven model & discuss radical suppression leading to an inhibition period before grating growth. Diffusion effects of monomer & polymer are discussed.
      281
  • Publication
    The approximate model for holographic grating formation in photopolymers
    (Optical Society of America, 2006-10-10) ; ; ;
    Nonlocal Polymerisation Driven Diffusion model describes grating formation in photopolymer materials and gives valuable insight into the processes taking place during formation. For weak exposures, NPDD reduces to a simple approximate model describing polymer concentration
      259
  • Publication
    Generalized model of photopolymer behavior for use in optimized holographic data storage scheduling algorithms
    A generalized model of photo-polymerization in free radical chainforming polymers has been developed. Applying this model to data storage, optimized scheduling algorithms are developed for the multiplexing of multiple data pages of uniform diffraction efficiency.
      245
  • Publication
    Nonlocal polymerization-driven diffusion-model-based examination of the scaling law for holographic data storage
    For the first time to our knowledge, a detailed theoretical basis is provided for the well-known inverse-square scaling law of holographic diffraction, which states that replay diffraction efficiency η=Γ/M2, where M is the number of gratings stored and Γ is a constant system parameter. This law is shown to hold for photopolymer recording media governed by the predictions of the nonlocal polymerization-driven diffusion model. On the basis of the analysis, we (i) propose a media inverse scaling law, (ii) relate Γ to photopolymer material parameters and the hologram geometry and replay conditions, and (iii) comment on the form and validity of the diffraction efficiency inverse-square scaling law for higher-diffraction-efficiency gratings.
      280Scopus© Citations 26
  • Publication
    Temporal response and first order volume changes during grating formation in photopolymers
    We examine the evolution of the refractive index modulation when recording gratings in an acrylamide based photopolymer. A nonlocal diffusion model is used to predict theoretically the grating evolution. The model has been developed to account for both nonlocal spatial and temporal effects in the medium, which can be attributed to polymer chain growth. Previously it was assumed that the temporal effect of chain growth could be neglected. However, temporal effects due to chain growth and monomer diffusion are shown to be significant, particularly over short recording periods where dark field amplification is observed. The diffusion model is solved using a finite-difference technique to predict the evolution of the monomer and polymer concentrations throughout grating recording. Using independently measured refractive index values for each component of the recording medium, the Lorentz-Lorenz relation is used to determine the corresponding refractive index modulation. The corresponding diffraction efficiency is then determined using rigorous coupled wave analysis. The diffraction efficiency curves are presented for gratings recorded using short exposure times, monitored in real time, both during and after recording. The effect of volume shrinkage of polymer on grating evolution is also examined. Both the nonlocal temporal response of the material and monomer diffusion are shown to influence refractive index modulation postexposure.
      326Scopus© Citations 33