Evans-FitzGerald, ChristianaChristianaEvans-FitzGeraldPorter, Amanda S.Amanda S.PorterYiotis, CharilaosCharilaosYiotisElliott-Kingston, CarolineCarolineElliott-KingstonMcElwain, Jennifer C.Jennifer C.McElwain2016-08-222016-08-222016-09-15Frontiers in Plant Sciencehttp://hdl.handle.net/10197/7823In order to be successful in a given environment a plant should invest in a vein and stomatal network that ensures balance between both water supply and demand. Vein density (Dv) and stomatal density (SD) have been shown to be strongly positively correlated in response to a range of environmental variables in more recently evolved plant species, but the extent of this relationship has not been confirmed in earlier diverging plant lineages. In order to examine the effect of a changing atmosphere on the relationship between Dv and SD, five early-diverging plant species representing two different reproductive plant grades were grown for seven months in a palaeo-treatment comprising an O2:CO2 ratio that has occurred multiple times throughout plant evolutionary history. Results show a range of species-specific Dv and SD responses to the palaeo-treatment, however we show that the strong relationship between Dv and SD under modern ambient atmospheric composition is maintained following exposure to the palaeo-treatment. This suggests strong co-ordination between vein and stomatal traits even under relatively extreme environmental change. This co-ordination supports existing plant function proxies that use the distance between vein endings and stomata (Dm) to infer plant palaeo-physiology such as assimilation rate, and as a result, lends confidence to future application of palaeo-CO2 proxy models that require robust estimates of palaeo-assimilation rate as key initialisation parameters. enThis document is protected by copyright and was first published by Frontiers. All rights reserved. It is reproduced with permission.Vein densityStomatal densityCo-ordinationPlant growth chambersPalaeo-atmosphereJournal Article10.3389/fpls.2016.013682016-08-02https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ie/