Naranjo Lucena, AmaliaAmaliaNaranjo LucenaGarza-Cuartero, LauraLauraGarza-CuarteroMulcahy, GraceGraceMulcahyZintl, AnnettaAnnettaZintl2019-12-062019-12-062017 Elsev2017-04The Veterinary Journal1090-0233http://hdl.handle.net/10197/11232Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) is a parasite prevalent in much of the world that causes the economically-important disease of fasciolosis in livestock. The threat that this disease poses extends beyond its direct effects due to the parasite's immunomodulatory effects. Research at this laboratory is focusing on whether this immunoregulation can, in animals infected with liver fluke, exert a bystander effect on concurrent infections in the host. It has already been established that F. hepatica infection reduces cell mediated immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis in cattle, and that the interaction between the two pathogens can be detected on an epidemiological scale. This review explores the immunological consequences of co-infection between F. hepatica and other bacterial infections. Arguments are presented suggesting that immunity of cattle to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is also likely to be affected.Print-ElectronicenThis is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in The Veterinary Journal. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in The Veterinary Journal (222, (2017)) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.02.007AnimalsCattleFasciola hepaticaParatuberculosisTuberculosis, BovineFascioliasisCattle diseasesMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosisImmunomodulationCoinfectionJohne's diseaseJournal Article22291610.1016/j.tvjl.2017.02.0072019-12-05635408https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ie/