Migge, BettinaBettinaMiggeGoury, LaurenceLaurenceGoury2014-10-082014-10-082008-089789027289964http://hdl.handle.net/10197/6022This paper proposes a new analysis of the formation of the TMA system of the Surinamese Maroon Creoles based on a wide range of both contemporary and historical sources. The paper first provides a brief synopsis of the socio-historical context in which the Creoles of Suriname emerged and developed, and a broad overview of the TMA systems of those Creoles and of varieties of Gbe. It then discusses four processes that were involved in the emergence of the creole TMA system: substrate influence, internal change from a substrate calque, superstrate influence, and shift of form and category correlated with innovation. The paper then concludes that Creole formation is to be considered as a gradual and multi-layered process (Arends 1993, Bruyn 1995), involving processes of language change that also operate in other so-called normal contact settings (Thomason & Kaufman 1988).enSuriname creolesGbeSubstrate influenceTMABook Chapter10.1075/cll.332014-07-31https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ie/